Programming & AI

How information technology developed stage by stage and changed how people live and work, what AI actually is and how machine learning, deep learning and generative AI nest inside it, where AI is already used, and the ethical questions that follow it.

How HTTPS combines two kinds of cryptography to be both safe and fast, how authentication factors are layered, how a network is designed so one breach is not the end of it, and what an organisation does when an incident happens anyway.

The three tiers every web application is built from, how a client and server actually talk through requests, responses and APIs, and what HTML, CSS and JavaScript each contribute to the page in front of you.

Choosing the right medium for a purpose and audience, planning a site around its users with personas, wireframes and the four design principles, measuring whether it works, and improving it in repeated cycles.

Where trustworthy data comes from, how a sample can fairly stand for a whole population and how it goes wrong, what cleaning and transformation actually involve, and the rules that come with open data and APIs.

Reasoning from a sample to a population and measuring the uncertainty honestly, turning a relationship into a prediction and judging whether it can be trusted, and choosing a visualization that reveals the pattern without misleading anyone.

How a machine learns rules from data instead of being given them, what a neural network actually does with its inputs and why depth changed everything, and how a language model generating one word at a time produces both fluency and hallucination.